tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40922689792522923372023-12-20T18:47:35.203+00:00Academic ProofreaderStudy skills tips for University students interspersed with general musings on reading, writing and life in the modern age.Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-28166198583516872782023-11-07T14:43:00.002+00:002023-11-07T14:49:36.281+00:00Search Tips and Useful Databases<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p></p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHWtSZKoJycRP5mf5Cov7krBYIsuNUVUucjk8625yk6oTrqOSw2HUt7Sz7mRcjCLRhLPOExcZHJ-0ux6mgxV8-Y07p6MRsbld8YsMwuloeDOhXy_uq2lTl01QkY-Fy-yB1fVQVNT4F0QHjP6dMgBeN4dXH-yL13PgCu_jE9CPoCG4c_w1uzN-iWueW-M/s5616/hands-keyboard.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3744" data-original-width="5616" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAHWtSZKoJycRP5mf5Cov7krBYIsuNUVUucjk8625yk6oTrqOSw2HUt7Sz7mRcjCLRhLPOExcZHJ-0ux6mgxV8-Y07p6MRsbld8YsMwuloeDOhXy_uq2lTl01QkY-Fy-yB1fVQVNT4F0QHjP6dMgBeN4dXH-yL13PgCu_jE9CPoCG4c_w1uzN-iWueW-M/w320-h214/hands-keyboard.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Search smarter not longer. *</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;">Identifying relevant papers when preparing research articles, conference papers, essays, theses and </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background: white;">dissertations can be a challenge. Not all search engines are comprehensive, or suited to your topic area, and selecting your keywords and search terms can determine how quickly you can identify ideal sources.</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="background: white;"><span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a>For journals you will need to ensure they are peer reviewed and in certain disciplines including start and end dates for period for publication is vital as many people are asked to rewrite after a viva adding in more recent references. Remember, depending on your subject area, if it takes you 4 years to complete your PhD the research you quoted at the start could already be out of date by the time you submit<span face="Verdana, sans-serif">:</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm;">ome quick tips for searching databases are as
follow:</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: black;">Avoid </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">searching with a single broad term, as doing so will return too many
results to reasonably navigate. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Adding multiple terms can narrow your search. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Remember to search for alternative spellings,
especially as UK and US English spellings vary in some words.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Use truncated words in your search (i.e.
inserting a symbol (usually *) to stand in for part of the word. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Use connectors like <b>AND</b>, <b>OR</b> and <b>NOT</b>
between your chosen search terms, to be inclusive (AND, OR) or exclusive (NOT).
For Google and some other search engines a minus sign is used just before the
search term rather than the word <b>NOT</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">If you’re looking for a phrase rather than just
a single word, type quotation marks around the phrase so the words are searched
in a set order. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Parentheses also can be used to group search
terms; as in (Article* AND “Search engine*”) AND (NOT Google OR Bing).<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Use advanced search options where available to
limit your search to certain journals, date ranges, or languages.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Always use more than one search engine.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm 18pt 36pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">Some useful databases commonly used by students include but are not limited to the following: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">For peer reviewed papers and texts from scholarly organisations: <a href="https://scholar.google.com/">https://scholar.google.com/</a>; for books including reviews: <a href="for%20books,%20including%20reviews:%20https:/books.google.com/?hl=en">https://books.google.com/?hl=e</a>n</span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: #1a1a1a;">; Science database
covering 70+ countries: <a href="https://worldwidescience.org/">https://worldwidescience.org/</a>;
for science students: <a href="https://www.science.gov/">https://www.science.gov/</a>;
the computational knowledge engine: <a href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/">https://www.wolframalpha.com/</a>;
access to 1000s of scholarly websites selected by teachers and librarians: <a href="https://www.virtuallrc.com/">https://www.virtuallrc.com/</a>; <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/search">https://www.researchgate.net/search</a>;
for medical students: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/</a>;
for law students: <a href="https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2F&aci=la">https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2F&aci=la</a></span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif">.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; margin: 18pt 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="color: black;">* Image credit </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif"><a href="https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/hands-keyboard_8096959.htm#query=hands%20typing&position=20&from_view=search&track=ais">Image by master1305</a> on Freepik</span></span></i></span></p>Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-1493190668794593922023-11-03T11:37:00.015+00:002023-11-07T14:48:29.016+00:00Planning your Literature Review<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0BNU8OjZc15vT3Gq1rAQPunj4WCql8-9Pm8qcAMr46NWpdfnB6j_4xh9jPi2NTKEQ0IbkdAxQua_vsKZDlxqMmfN0DdxZpdNsxmUfQvnsztbXvd17Io0cNbUvk-8tM-J5eqVX9LgxSziZizGVSpTAkyQxTbTpETeMdLsuabIJLEqnJrDF0KoPyGvIcs/s4128/20180409_151809-01.jpeg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2752" data-original-width="4128" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0BNU8OjZc15vT3Gq1rAQPunj4WCql8-9Pm8qcAMr46NWpdfnB6j_4xh9jPi2NTKEQ0IbkdAxQua_vsKZDlxqMmfN0DdxZpdNsxmUfQvnsztbXvd17Io0cNbUvk-8tM-J5eqVX9LgxSziZizGVSpTAkyQxTbTpETeMdLsuabIJLEqnJrDF0KoPyGvIcs/w236-h157/20180409_151809-01.jpeg" width="236" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maintain focus</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><h6 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Most postgraduate
students are asked to write a 'Literature Review' at some point. As a three time
English Literature graduate, and having read an estimated 400 of them in the last 12 months I want to share with you some information about the differences between a good one and a bad one . . .</span><span color="windowtext" face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h6>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Assuming you have undertaken
thorough research and used appropriate search engines to identify recent and relevant articles</span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, and are thus thoroughly prepared, a literature review
is actually fairly straightforward. It is crucial to remember that it is a part
of your argument and that its structure needs to be planned around your ideas and
not around the books/articles/websites you are reviewing.<span></span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">By this I mean that
you will need to create a plan </span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">first and then organise how the 'literature' you are
reviewing fits into that plan. This helps you to observe the difference between
<b>describing </b>the text you are writing about and <b>discussing </b>it <b>in
</b>the <b>context </b>of your essay/dissertation/thesis. As you might have already
realised, when writing academic papers; describing is not a helpful practice. This
might seem obvious to some of you, but I can assure you that many students (<i>especially
those familiar with a non-UK education system</i>) find the art of criticism both challenging and uncomfortable. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;"><span style="font-family: times; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Critical capacity is
very important when writing a literature review, but you also need to have a <b>structured</b>
and <b>clear</b> approach that augments <b>your argument</b>/aims. If you currently
need to produce one try following some/all of these tips:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">If possible, choose texts based on lecturers/tutors
suggestions (<i>if not make sure the author whose work you are reviewing is well-respected
in your field, or that the source publication is peer reviewed</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Select texts that offer diverse opinions and create
a <b>synthesis</b> of the arguments that fits your needs;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Summarise</span></b><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> each text in a way that fits with or contradicts your <b>argument</b>; <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Think about your argument when selecting relevant <b>quotations</b>;
<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Be clear in your own mind about why you are including
each text;<o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Explain why you are including each text and why it is a valid source, either with
your argument or directly (<i>signposting</i>); <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Always provide
<b>references</b> - even when paraphrasing/summarising; <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: times;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Don't forget to explain how the findings of your literature
review link to your other research methods and the rest of your essay/thesis</span><span style="text-indent: 0cm;">.</span></span></li></ul><p></p>
<h6 style="line-height: normal;"><span color="windowtext" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;">To conclude: In terms of structure
a good literature review should synthesise up to date research in your field published by a reputable source;
provide critical evaluation; aim for appropriate breadth and depth; strive for clarity
and conciseness; and, show your ability to use rigorous and consistent research
methods. <o:p></o:p></span></span></h6><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
</p><h6 style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext">Happy writing/researching - any queries
let me know (c</span>davis.aproofreader@gmail.com<span color="windowtext">) Of course if you would like me to
check your literature review for you please contact me via my </span><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/"><span color="windowtext">website</span></a></span><span color="windowtext"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> and let me know you read this blogpost to receive a 10% discount. </span><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h6><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span><p></p>Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-520304693827769832023-10-27T12:02:00.003+01:002023-10-27T12:02:54.235+01:00Use of Narrative: Setting the Scene<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqefS8eSEZ8AvfjRn8B02g9XK8eS3LIaGNlvNamCx3Tr9ZlBNZQbiWKY0as9QRVKVyEn5pvAnEeUGlrxeCdG7VLByHJYCjNpX7aHEUi1x0J57x4iQZ4H2QdZYOu4eYudM45dY7CNfiosjdwHB83W1jkNXGe4CU89Vb96-ZnUnktrd9jRzYpf7SBr6vfJo/s4080/PXL_20221129_090436482.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3072" data-original-width="4080" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqefS8eSEZ8AvfjRn8B02g9XK8eS3LIaGNlvNamCx3Tr9ZlBNZQbiWKY0as9QRVKVyEn5pvAnEeUGlrxeCdG7VLByHJYCjNpX7aHEUi1x0J57x4iQZ4H2QdZYOu4eYudM45dY7CNfiosjdwHB83W1jkNXGe4CU89Vb96-ZnUnktrd9jRzYpf7SBr6vfJo/w191-h144/PXL_20221129_090436482.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prioritise clarity</td></tr></tbody></table></p></blockquote></blockquote><p style="text-align: left;"> <b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A few
questions</span></i></b><i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">:</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Shall
I explain the background to . . .?<br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Can I
describe the history of . . . ? </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">May I
describe how I collected my data? </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Can I
describe the results of my survey? </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Can I
illustrate the meaning of . . . ?</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Answer</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">: </span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Only
briefly please!</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">As a
student writing reports and essays you will often encounter the need to provide
background information or additional narrative at the outset. This means giving an account
of the events that relate to the question or the data you are presenting; it is necessary as long as context is retained. However it should always be
brief and not take over the essay. Less than 10% of the essay should be
something that could be referred to as a description or definition. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This
is not to say that providing background information is not valuable, in fact
providing brief, precise, targeted background information can set the scene, clarifying and
defining the context and direction of your essay; contributing positively to your
</span><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.blogspot.com/2010/11/introductions.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">introduction</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. Unfortunately many of the essays that I read <i>(at
all levels)</i> have rather a tendency to be taken over by elaborate
descriptions of terms, or background information that wanders so far from the
question that the purpose of writing is obscured.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">As a
former history undergraduate I often needed to provide background information
when writing essays – I also frequently had essays returned with their second
and third paragraphs scored out and the word ‘irrelevant’ scrawled next to what
had taken me several hours to research, so I understand the frustrations. As a proof
reader I find it relatively easy to judge what is answering the question and
what is irrelevant, so I have pondered what advice to give on the subject
carefully. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I
personally found when writing down background information or describing the
methodology used to carry out a study it is simplest to include <b>all</b> the
details that you think are relevant – aiming for a summary rather than an epic.
Once completed I leave it and finish writing the essay – focusing on the
question and reaching a targeted conclusion <i>(see future posts – there will
be one on conclusions)</i>. Having finished the essay I then go back to the
‘narrative section’ with a red pen and a critical eye. Then by crossing
out/deleting anything that was not referred back to elsewhere in the essay I
create a skeleton of sentences that are <b>relevant</b>. Finally I stitch these
sentences into a paragraph <i>(or if there are not many left include them in
the introduction)</i>. This method worked for me - hopefully it will work for
you too.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Best
wishes, and if you keep getting work returned with comments about too much
description do not hesitate to contact me for </span></i><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/contact.asp"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">help</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-9310641697004842062023-10-10T20:37:00.001+01:002023-10-27T11:44:48.599+01:00Getting started<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHYQsxyxdNR85ez0A8ppMGjDxvyeu3MAoxgUeZSg00qocxcvs4DSZJ11pdfxLHPYAVzeLuYYZ5drcCpCO4WWNmozYBGZGLHihVwaf3AU32awsHgOwrNXnYBaEcVH4dp_nsz9cJQivtok/s1600/th.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXHYQsxyxdNR85ez0A8ppMGjDxvyeu3MAoxgUeZSg00qocxcvs4DSZJ11pdfxLHPYAVzeLuYYZ5drcCpCO4WWNmozYBGZGLHihVwaf3AU32awsHgOwrNXnYBaEcVH4dp_nsz9cJQivtok/s1600/th.jpg" width="170" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">The start of a new academic year brings fresh ideas and new blood to the universities in the UK and elsewhere in the English speaking world. Lots of you are settling in just now and realising the huge task that awaits you before you experience the jubilation of donning your graduation gowns. Despite the daunting year (or four) that awaits, this is an exciting time. I am excited about the
opportunity help out the many international students who worry that there written English might put their chances of success in jeopardy, via my <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/">website</a>. I really am - as I am mainly working on PhDs and journal articles at this time of year and late dissertations I am really looking forward to receiving some new shorter works by the incoming Masters students, and excited to see what different subjects I will have the opportunity to learn about this year! It is also a good time for me to get back to blogging, and to introduce newer readers to things they should
consider now that they have begun studying in a new country and a different
academic culture . . .</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Now you are not only reading about, planning and
working out the practicalities of studying for your next degree - you are actually
doing it. Whether you are embarking on a Masters or PhD programme people will be
offering you advice at every turn. There will be societies to join, social activities
to partake in, friends to make, places to see and many new things to get used to.
There are numerous </span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">blogs and student support services that you can (and should)
visit to help you make a smooth transition into British academic culture. </span></span><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-size: small;">I also have some tips for you and would encourage former
students to leave their own:</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Do consider social networking online - even if you haven't
done this much before - it can be a great way to keep in touch with other students
on your course, as well as any friends and family you've left behind.<span> </span></span></span></li>
<li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Many Postgraduate courses involve minimal contact time
at the university itself so do make the effort in the early weeks to 'physically
attend the university' - in particular get used to the library - learn about the computer systems and meet the staff.<span> </span> </span></span></li>
<li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Take advantage of any support offered by experienced
students - they can give you advice about supervisors, bookshops, rules and regulations,
etc.</span></span></li>
<li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Join a group of like minded students - every dissertation
and PhD that I proofread or edit acknowledges the friends the author made on their
course - they will understand what you are going through better than anyone else.</span></span></li>
<li><span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Enjoy yourself!! </span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">Do also <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/">use a proof reader</a> if you are worried about your English and also ask about how to cite and reference properly (the topic of my next post) following your university conventions
- it is easy to fall behind if you are struggling with (or feel anxious about) your
English. So many students only find a proofreader when it comes to dissertation and realise that they had been missing out on a great opportunity to improve their grades, and learn about academic writing.</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span>Do note that I sometimes have tips and offers on my <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AcademicProofreaderStudyTips">Facebook page</a>. </span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Finally enjoy your University experience and come back and visit my blog
any time.</i></span></span></div>
<span face="Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;">
<br clear="all" style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 10pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-72854702217183005512023-10-02T14:44:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:42:49.468+01:00Essay Questions: 'Discuss' <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJHzPqTgXUJ4EyPmWyy82lo_5a6Nt2aY6UWWrWUwakoPOhNbNnJVy5lcFFs9qp3fzdhXIxELP7c7eeoHf9Axm5ERdxEEOT7ehKjZfZb5HZCDgFdrUF2JhnFxm5x_GqXB9P5wsj2E2V2g/s1600/images.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaJHzPqTgXUJ4EyPmWyy82lo_5a6Nt2aY6UWWrWUwakoPOhNbNnJVy5lcFFs9qp3fzdhXIxELP7c7eeoHf9Axm5ERdxEEOT7ehKjZfZb5HZCDgFdrUF2JhnFxm5x_GqXB9P5wsj2E2V2g/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Structurally sound </td></tr>
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students - it is distinct from 'describe', 'argue that', 'agree or disagree'
because it focuses on opinion, and an opinion is something many students can be
afraid to express for fear that it may turn out to be the <i>wrong </i>one. The
purpose of this post is to highlight to anyone facing a 'discuss' title for an
essay that it is not necessarily <i>their</i> opinion that is required . . .</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> In my former life as an English Literature
tutor I was on occasion expected to set essay questions and a frequent
favourite of mine was definitely the 'discuss' type question; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">e.g. John Ruskin described the Duomo in Milan as
being "from every style in the world: and every style spoiled". <b>Discuss</b>
with reference to the architecture and history of the building. </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">I particularly like this kind of question because
of the breadth of responses that it could elicit. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The main hope was that by positing a hypothesis or
making a statement requiring research to be fully understood, and one that
might also generate feelings of agreement, disagreement or something in the
middle - this would allow students to present findings based around a thesis,
antithesis and a synthesis; thus proving their ability to construct and
research an argument. With this sort of question; as a student, you are being
given an opportunity to present your views (<i>or if you prefer the views of
others</i>); to present these views you will need to describe and interpret the
key points raised by the question and find supporting arguments (<i>from others</i>)
and evidence (<i>from others - or based on fact</i>) that you can use to
justify your opinion. On occasion research may possibly reveal that there is
only one possible conclusion, but this is <i>rarely</i> the case and would
somewhat defeat the purpose of setting such a question.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In the case of the question about the Duomo the
approaches are multiple – it requires an evaluation of the truth of both the
first and second part of Ruskin’s statement; an understanding of why he made it
(<i>also what else did he say?</i>); an investigation of what other people have
said about the cathedral; research into the several hundred year history of its
construction with emphasis on the origin of the architectural styles that were
drawn on throughout this period; examination of plans, photographs of the
current building; a determination of how far it is fit for the purpose for
which it was designed; an illumination of what constitutes ‘spoiled’ in this
context compared to other adjectives that might have been chosen; and so on,
until an informed opinion is reached. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; margin: 10pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For my part, I chose this picture for this blog
post because I saw the Duomo when this view was hidden behind scaffolding - and because I agree not with Ruskin (<i>or Oscar Wilde for
that matter - he detested it</i>), but rather with Mark Twain: “What a wonder
it is! So grand, so solemn, so vast! And yet so delicate, so airy, so
graceful!” </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For those of you with other essay title types to challenge you come back later for future posts - all requests encouraged! </span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-25312237977008340502023-09-22T10:04:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:43:35.573+01:00Library psychology<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4xuKb1roJ5_NV8qrqUHVR3lMljdLiT0GQAqFbCpMCqQYfckJNxrYesFMfbn3OdhhQL2nWGsuHUC-ohluI25sQ3hd2cE4SWmeMvrn0eGXW9KAxab68PsgDhz3FtEl_c4IO3SSV1IlW4Pk/s1600/tcoaf3nh7sva9bakjvcq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4xuKb1roJ5_NV8qrqUHVR3lMljdLiT0GQAqFbCpMCqQYfckJNxrYesFMfbn3OdhhQL2nWGsuHUC-ohluI25sQ3hd2cE4SWmeMvrn0eGXW9KAxab68PsgDhz3FtEl_c4IO3SSV1IlW4Pk/s320/tcoaf3nh7sva9bakjvcq.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Your attitude towards the University library is something that will no doubt be formed early on in your academic career. The way you use the library may help to determine
your grade potential, and is more related to how you use it than the length of time you spend
in it. There are a variety of approaches students apply to library based research and I will describe some of these to you below. Of course whether you are an undergraduate or a postgraduate will also have a big impact on how long you spend in the library and how successful your visit is . . .</span></span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During my years as a student and more recently as a supervisor of student dissertations I have identified the following approaches and each says something about your likelihood of success: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Rare attendee</b>: This first individual visits the library
only to print off their essay because their printer at home is not
working. This approach can work for some undergraduates, but is certainly not recommended for postgraduates - it shows a certain disregard for the importance of studying for your degree and more often than not a higher regard for your social life. In rare instances this disregard fro the library reflects an ability to acquire all the relevant sources from bookshops and the Internet. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Although in some cases it simply reveals a supreme confidence in one's own genius. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Success rating ++++ <i>(for geniuses and wealthy Internet wizards)</i> or ---- <i>(for mortals)</i>.</b></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Collector</b>: This individual is a hoarder and tends to be well-organised and generally has good intentions about completing a well-researched essay. They tend to visit the library with the suggested
reading list when an essay is set – take out the books
available from it and head home; only returning to the
library to return the books after submitting the essay. This approach is more effective than the one above but is not particularly considerate of other users and can result in a somewhat eclectic bibliography - so again is not an ideal approach for the postgraduate.<b> Success rating +++ or ++ <i>(depending on how well the library is stocked at the time of your visit)</i>.</b></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Diligent (not in an obsessive way)</b>: This person visits the library, looks up all
the information available in the area related to their essay, settles down
at a desk with a bottle of water (out of sight) and takes copious notes
(obviously on to a laptop these days). Once they have finished note taking
they leave the library free of the heavy weight of books and return home
to write their essay. Returning to the library only when the next
assignment is set. This works for undergraduates and postgraduates and is especially successful if the approach is repeated in all relevant libraries (<i>and is not one taken the night before the deadline!</i>)! <b>Success rating ++++ or ++ </b><b><b><i>(depending on how well the library is stocked at the time of your visit, and the frequency of your visits)</i></b>.</b></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Future Professor</b>: This student takes their lunch and a
magazine for break times (possibly also a torch in case they get locked
in), and visits the library whenever the mood strikes them <i>(often daily) </i>(or in response
to an essay being set) and settles in to find every book on the topic of
interest, make copious notes and then produces the required assignment or
a fat (Word) file of quotations and summaries for future use. This is brilliant if it suits your lifestyle and your mind, and you are doing a PhD, but can lead to total burnout early on, so take care if this sounds like you! <b>Success rating +++++ <i>(if you are a dedicated researcher with a passion for libraries)</i> or ----- <i>(if you start to feel isolated and lonely easily - in which case seek out company immediately)</i>.</b></span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This post is intended to get you thinking about how you are going to fit all the required reading for assignments into your schedule, and how you are going to approach the study side of your degree. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you are an undergraduate it is good to visit the library early on and become familiar with it as a 'safe environment' to work in. Library staff can be very helpful if you are feeling lost and can always give you a helping hand.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If you are a postgraduate, make sure you visit the library soon with reading list in hand to check the stocks of the books you are likely to need - then you can take action<i> (by locating other libraries, pre-booking copies of books or visiting second-hand bookshops)</i> if the supply of books looks limited. Of course as a postgraduate you are likely to be using a lot of 'reference only' journals and articles so as long as you don't wait until the last moment to visit the library you should be able to access the information you need.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Do feel free to post
your thoughts on your own library style and let me know if there is anything I have missed. <b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b></span></span>
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Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-29062227825804880592023-09-10T10:10:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:43:57.930+01:00Fresh adventures<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhuM8SovW7I4WnuYHXy1Xe1MYUXffnZ2828LriWrs10Aws09-S5R2DtWmCLRfCbVtpn3Dym4sleI_wN4r9fb0hTZFbj5dUPDzLtBIS0SGUAcrmjxFJs1vZvAb3638pPpGQx0NZeTDH1kc/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhuM8SovW7I4WnuYHXy1Xe1MYUXffnZ2828LriWrs10Aws09-S5R2DtWmCLRfCbVtpn3Dym4sleI_wN4r9fb0hTZFbj5dUPDzLtBIS0SGUAcrmjxFJs1vZvAb3638pPpGQx0NZeTDH1kc/s200/images.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Preparing to take flight</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Welcome to those of you who have taken the step to study abroad at an English speaking University. As you begin this month as Freshers you may feel daunted by the experiences you are facing. You may have left home to come and study in English as part of the wave of students recognising the growth of English as the language of academia worldwide, or you may be seeking adventure in a foreign land. Regardless of your motivations you will soon realise that this year has many challenges in store for you - not least of these will be meeting the requirements for producing good academic writing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There is an abundance of support available to you and you should take advantage of it all. I hope that this year my blog posts will be helpful to you, but if you are struggling do contact me via <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/">my website</a> for help with proof reading or for academic advice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Do also consider social networking online - even if you haven't
done this much before - it can be a great way to keep in touch with other students
on your course, as well as any friends and family you've left behind. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Many Postgraduate courses involve minimal contact time
at the university itself so do make the effort in the early weeks to 'physically
attend the university' - in particular get used to visiting the library </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">- particularly get to know the computer systems and the staff.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Take advantage of any support offered by experienced
students - they can give you advice about supervisors, bookshops, rules and regulations,
etc.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Join a group of like minded students - every dissertation
and PhD that I proofread or edit acknowledges the friends the author made on their
course - they will understand what you are going through better than anyone else.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Do </span><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">use a proof reader</span></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> if you are worried about your English </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">-
it is easy to fall behind if you are struggling with (or feel anxious
about) your
English. As a bonus - reading your proofread work can teach you more
about how to write a good academic paper than hours spent in an Academic
English classroom because it will identify your personal problems.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Finally enjoy your University experience and come back and visit my blog
any time.</span></i></span></div>
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<br />Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-6301793824310707272023-06-27T19:28:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:40:00.373+01:00Managing your dissertation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6SL9XxTSA1z82UTA2BDG6xQNYLgu0yRVbkDNCdPK28xEHHFOjI3Ww9sT182hqg34Tf_xtp6DPHa9FzvkU64y1F7J9GshLW9FrS672iIVQDz5q0paTkYSGp_2gZw440-_PX-RUnpPC810/s1600/10463872_10203402443649242_7920698772939720146_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6SL9XxTSA1z82UTA2BDG6xQNYLgu0yRVbkDNCdPK28xEHHFOjI3Ww9sT182hqg34Tf_xtp6DPHa9FzvkU64y1F7J9GshLW9FrS672iIVQDz5q0paTkYSGp_2gZw440-_PX-RUnpPC810/s1600/10463872_10203402443649242_7920698772939720146_n.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Time management: </b><i>Don't let your dissertation take over your life</i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span id="goog_1037183462"></span><span id="goog_1037183463"></span>Writing a dissertation is a challenge, and I have been inspired to write this post by my own
experience and my dealings with a number of students who have either: missed
deadlines; written considerably more than needed; done enough research to write
a PhD thesis and not known what to include and what to leave out; collected data from groups of
people through interview or observation with no clear idea of what they are
trying to prove; and then (<i>my own personal problem</i>) changed their minds
numerous times about what angle they are going to follow (<i>and as a result
spent countless hours researching areas that will never make it into the
finished work</i>). Here, I will make some simple suggestions to avoid these
problems happening to you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Firstly - <b>manage </b>your time. This does not mean just your study time -
write a schedule that accounts for all your commitments and leisure time (relaxing walks in the countryside included).
This is important as </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">it can give you a feeling of control over the project
and allow you to scale your planning sensibly. Once you identify how much time
remains between now and your deadline you should find it easier to scale down
tasks based on this - <i>there is a reason why every Masters (and PhD)
dissertation has a sentence in it pertaining to the 'limitation of time
allowed'.</i></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Secondly - <b>manage </b>your
planning. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Planning keeps your work on track, allows you to approach long pieces
in manageable chunks, <b>and</b> (<i>perhaps most importantly</i>) helps you
avoid wasted hours researching peripheral areas that will (<i>or at least
should</i>) never make it into the final work. Planning for your dissertation
should ideally be done with a title in mind and stated aims and objectives that
have been agreed with your tutor. Assuming these are all in place a plan should
be easy to write and should be your guide when deciding what to read and what
not to read and in determining what evidence to gather.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Thirdly - <b>manage </b>your reading. Knowing when to stop reading and start
writing is a skill in itself. I know from personal experience that it is
possible to become so enamoured with wandering round library stacks collecting
relevant articles and taking notes on them that it is possible to forget that
the aim of the exercise is to actually write something of one's own. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The point at which you decide you have
gathered enough data should ideally arise naturally around the time your</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Gantt Chart in your research proposal said it would! If it doesn't, some
signs that you are ready to start writing are: 1) You feel suitably informed
enough to start writing either your literature review or your introduction (<i>this
would not be your final version - but feeling the urge to get started is a
great indicator of being ready to</i>); 2) Everything you are reading now makes
you feel more confused rather than less confused (<i>start now or you might
never</i>); 3) You are starting to feel your excitement for your project waning
(<i>enthusiasm shows in your writing - don't let it burn out before you get
started</i>); 4) You are increasingly fearful of the approaching deadline (<i>often
combined with classmates proudly discussing how much they have already written</i>).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Fourthly - <b>manage </b>your expectations. It is likely (<i>although not
guaranteed</i>) that when you first wrote your dissertation proposal and
discussed it with your supervisor/classmates/anyone that would listen that you
had high hopes for what you could cram into 15000ish words - <i>I know I did -
I pretty much planned my MSc and PhD over the same weekend hoping it would all
come to around 14000 words not the final total of 96000</i>. This is why I
include this issue here. It is important to be realistic about how much
information you can present in a dissertation - a good portion of academic
writing is filler, i.e. introducing, linking, signposting, concluding,
supporting and illustrating; so, the amount of 'unique to you' material that it
provides scope to present is very limited. This of course works the other way
too (<i>padding can only go so far</i>); don't expect hyperbolic smoke and
mirrors to deliver you a fantastic, full length dissertation either!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Finally <b>manage</b> your communications. By this I mean check any and all
concerns with your tutor as they arise; practice full-disclosure with any
participants in the project (either assistants or respondents/trial subjects);
book your proof reader well in advance to ensure that they can do the work for
you and assist you in meeting your deadline (<i>by 'proof reader' - clearly I
mean </i></span><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">me</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">!</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Hope all this helps in your quest for the perfect dissertation experience.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span>Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-76591650775832532352023-03-10T22:05:00.001+00:002023-10-27T11:43:08.102+01:00On Capitals<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-aAjC35m4JCXcxbfsK7M8U9aNXrxq8Q_0GgiE854AZHsVURPcVM0ONcaR9cKGioyme1O62aVyaPQBusIA27JRTQQhVGwbQMxH8cm3dWzI09RSUpXr4kzdUxmeA12_xxHUbxEPKNjXXA/s1600/inspiring-balmoral-hotelx_v_Thumbnail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP-aAjC35m4JCXcxbfsK7M8U9aNXrxq8Q_0GgiE854AZHsVURPcVM0ONcaR9cKGioyme1O62aVyaPQBusIA27JRTQQhVGwbQMxH8cm3dWzI09RSUpXr4kzdUxmeA12_xxHUbxEPKNjXXA/s1600/inspiring-balmoral-hotelx_v_Thumbnail.jpg" /></a></div>
When I used to think of capitals, Paris, Madrid, Bangkok, Rome and my home city of Edinburgh sprang to mind, with imaginings of holidays in the sun (<i>not always of course</i>) and visions of visits to art galleries and historical monuments. Now that I'm an academic proofreader, when I think of capitals I think of capital letters - most of all that rather annoying phenomenon - 'random capitalisation'. This is something I encounter a lot and something which also causes me extreme frustration and to be honest occasional confusion. This post is intended to help you avoid misusing capital letters.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Historically speaking capitals appeared fairly frequently in English use to emphasise Important words; this practice fell out of fashion in the 1800s and increasingly more so recently; principally because the eye finds it easier to scan text that is written exclusively in lowercase. Nowadays capitalisation in sentences typically denotes proper nouns, acronyms and nothing else.<br />
<br />
In the academic text, where headings for tables and figures within assignments are concerned, capitalisation of principal words abounds and this also remains a common phenomenon in the media. In general it is not preferred by many academic journals and style is moving in the direction of <i>down </i>playing use of capitalisation in this context. Where an <i>up </i>style is preferred it is usually stated in the journal guidelines and when proofing I generally prefer lowercase for labelling table and figures (except for the first letter); although I tend to accept the author's use of capitalisation in titles - with the proviso that conjunctions, articles and prepositions (<i>unless they begin the sentence</i>) are generally not to be capitalised - proper nouns and adjectives being the usual suspects in this case.<br />
<br />
The worst thing is to capitalise everything to add emphasis - known in email speak as SHOUTING this is especially irritating and in an academic context does you no favours with your reader - some gentle bolding or italicising makes the point just as well (<i>although I prefer to avoid these also unless very evidently necessary</i>). <br />
<br />
Capital letters <b>should </b>however appear in these instances:<br />
<ul>
<li>At the beginning of a sentence</li>
<li>When using the the nominative singular pronoun - 'I'. </li>
<li>As the first letter of a sentence quoted within another sentence; i.e. Ackerman argued that "The response to bacteriophages alters according to . . ." </li>
<li>For acronyms, like WHO or when introducing them for the first time World Health Organisation (WHO)</li>
<li>With proper nouns - O.K. this is much more complicated than it may seem and examples of other nouns that are commonly capitalised in English include: days of the week, place names, the second part of a street name (e.g. Main Avenue), languages, demonyms, taxa in scientific classifications, brand names (unless not, i.e. easyjet, iPod), </li>
<li>Common nouns when used to represent a class are also capitalised, i.e.what manner of Man is he? </li>
<li>With some legal English terms</li>
<li>For honorifics and titles</li>
<li>In all cases following either a [.], [?] or [!]</li>
<li>When quoting titles that use them</li>
<li>For the first word in lines of verse </li>
</ul>
Oh and yes, as many of you may be wondering about the word Internet, which is still on many occasions capitalised. It would appear that trends are fast moving away from this - as rather than considering it a unique singular thing, wherein Internet is a title, it is becoming and entity in itself no longer requiring a capital - the internet as part of the 21st century technoscape.<br />
<br />
Generally the problems I encounter in the work I proofread in relation to capitalisation results from interference from other languages, which have their own unique rules so I would point out that if you are writing in English as a foreign language <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/">contacting a proofreader</a> for help can be a capital idea!<br />
<br />Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-80612744465679619092023-03-08T20:55:00.000+00:002023-10-27T11:41:37.470+01:00Thinking about dissertations<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggues9pGeGvrJ-jcjEe-6hQeMSkJVSMxLJ1Nzxk51lNrLuOUxMMwe5jLrbSoppWw2QuDnMZtZ7vr_2AvR6sO_HElyBAAZaI-2cyBvJBYWyD3q7YbXIc7Zvs1JZNlekkTjSZ7J6DMfd-qM/s1600/6818805-tree-emerging-from-an-open-book-knowledge-concept-digital-illustration.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggues9pGeGvrJ-jcjEe-6hQeMSkJVSMxLJ1Nzxk51lNrLuOUxMMwe5jLrbSoppWw2QuDnMZtZ7vr_2AvR6sO_HElyBAAZaI-2cyBvJBYWyD3q7YbXIc7Zvs1JZNlekkTjSZ7J6DMfd-qM/s200/6818805-tree-emerging-from-an-open-book-knowledge-concept-digital-illustration.jpg" width="150" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">This post is for those of you who know you will
have a dissertation to write over the summer and are starting to think about
planning it and preparing your research methods. Some of you may have already
written your proposals and </span><a href="http://www.videojug.com/webvideo/how-to-make-a-gantt-chart-using-microsoft-excel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gantt charts</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> and settled on a title. The rest of you just see
the dissertation looming ahead as an unspecified challenge that you know you
will have to face. This post will enlighten you as to what is involved and make
some suggestions to help you get ahead of the game.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A typical Master’s dissertation</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> regardless of the subject area ranges from
12000-20000 words. It is likely to be divided in the following way –
Introduction / Literature Review / Methodology / Interpretation of Data /
Discussion / Conclusion – although it may include fewer chapters should
interpretation of data and discussion be combined. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Before you start your dissertation you will
often be asked to prepare a research proposal document - this document
and all other work for your dissertation is often graded and so <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/#%21__packages">proofreading for all the work associated with your dissertation</a> can put you in a good position from stage 1. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The dissertation <b>must have a unique angle </b>to
it – seek to investigate a new area or provide a new interpretation of an
existing area. This can best be achieved by choosing a relatively narrow (but
previously unresearched) context from within which to apply your chosen
methodology. The new angle you choose may be based on something of personal
interest, such as a company you work for or a work environment you are familiar
with, or it could be something that you have identified (or your lecturers have
identified) as a gap in previous research. Do consider when choosing your angle
that you have to write a literature review chapter so don’t choose to write in
an area where there is no existing research unless you are confident that you
can provide around 4000 words of background that will be relevant and presented
critically.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The <b>literature review</b> chapter of your
dissertation should be constantly on your mind as soon as your topic is
selected. Whenever you read an article, listen to a lecture or sit in a
tutorial you should be thinking: <i>Can I use this information for my
dissertation? </i>If the answer is yes don’t forget to make a record the same
day in a folder marked ‘dissertation’. The information you collect here should
be kept with clear references to include in your bibliography.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The <b>methodology</b> you use will depend on the
subject you are investigating, but will either be quantitative or qualitative; <i>or
most likely a combination of the two</i>. If you don’t know what these terms
refer to find out now and decide which will best suit your topic. You may
decide to use a laboratory method, questionnaires, interviews or observations
as data collection tools – when you have time decide which will best suit your
topic area and investigate how best to apply it in view of your time
restrictions, sample size etc. You may need to contact people now if you wish to
involve their knowledge and/or opinions in your study. Again any information
you gather should be stored in your ‘dissertation’ folder.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The <b>interpretation of data, discussion and
conclusion</b> sections of your dissertation cannot be effectively prepared
ahead of the data collection process, but it is useful to note down your
expectations of the results and your ideas for the direction of the discussion
chapter as this information will provide you with valuable ideas for your <b>introduction</b>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">I am aware that not all dissertations follow the
same model but this is a basic example that many do follow. You will know best
how you can prepare to start thinking (and collecting information) that will
help you complete your dissertation in a timely and thorough manner - indeed;
if you have any useful tips of your own please post them below as comments for
other students who may not be as organised as you . . .</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-2472651801953818802022-12-04T10:04:00.000+00:002023-10-27T11:41:54.851+01:00Abstracts<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKQScSPpDWjrFRVlqE2P-BcZV-KvYINqXm0aIXWGp7bdCbhsk3iNrxvqejHr9-OoBq9CLLdupHfHrvfpDDcdyslyh12np4LnPuL9hmnTrR62OMBcPOtZSD4zrAb3dzive9yoYQxQPJ0Y/s1600/bxp67488.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBKQScSPpDWjrFRVlqE2P-BcZV-KvYINqXm0aIXWGp7bdCbhsk3iNrxvqejHr9-OoBq9CLLdupHfHrvfpDDcdyslyh12np4LnPuL9hmnTrR62OMBcPOtZSD4zrAb3dzive9yoYQxQPJ0Y/s1600/bxp67488.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An idea of what it will be . . .</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">According to my much thumbed copy of the 'Shorter
Oxford English Dictionary' the relevant definition of an abstract is: <i>An
abridgement or summary of a book, document, etc. </i>and yet I frequently read
abstracts that could better be defined thus:<i> Separated from matter, practice
or particular examples; not concrete</i>. Indeed the goal of an academic
abstract should be precision rather than abstraction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">For me an abstract needs to do and be the
following, to a lesser or greater extent, depending on the requisite length and
the purpose it is expected to perform:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It should be primarily in the present tense
(except for when discussing research that 'has been carried out' for which
the present perfect is O.K.).</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It should be written as if the work is
completed and exists - you are not planning it you have finished writing
it.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">It should tell the audience what the
problem/gap is that you are investigating; why they care about it and what
practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap your research is
filling. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">You then need to provide a<b> brief </b>description
of the methodology used to acheive your results.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Then give your findings – in an abstract your
results and insights are not supposed to be a mystery – rather they are
the crux of why someone will want to read <b>your</b> work.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">You should finish by mentioning the larger
implications of your findings in relation to the problem/gap you initially
identified. </span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">The main purpose of an abstract is to sell your
work to the reader - persuade them you are an interesting and informative writer
and tell them what your work is about so they can judge quickly (i.e. by the
third sentence) if your work is relevant to them. I am not and never have
been a believer in the slow reveal in academic writing - you are either telling
me something I need to know for my own research purposes or you are not - do
not waste my time . . .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
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only have one link for you and then I'm signing off:</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">www.academicproofreader.com</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ah ha – you see what I did there!!</span></div>
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</div>
Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-8430205391669938142022-11-13T14:26:00.000+00:002023-10-27T11:40:17.173+01:00Essay writing: the question<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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answering an essay question it is important that before you start writing </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJmQkc1ZO6AQll1mc273fA5-EsB81rn7sYn3WgXrRHmlrBTNQNnQmVHYnihgs47pblISORQ0cpnF-CD1iuR0GioGFExLmm7LLry1GR2B1hOW084T9_cCUGpZuel5TBUZJr0A7Btc2T7o/s1600/th.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJmQkc1ZO6AQll1mc273fA5-EsB81rn7sYn3WgXrRHmlrBTNQNnQmVHYnihgs47pblISORQ0cpnF-CD1iuR0GioGFExLmm7LLry1GR2B1hOW084T9_cCUGpZuel5TBUZJr0A7Btc2T7o/s1600/th.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">you
know exactly what the question is asking, so as to be able to answer it
appropriately. I read a lot of essays that </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">are </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">either: too descriptive,
answer another question, start by answering the question and then move off
target, provide a thorough background to all the issues raised by the
question but never actually answer it. This is always difficult for me to see
because their authors have spent a lot of time and effort in the research and
writing, being let down only by the failure to fully understand the question.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">There
are a number of methods for analysing questions that I will recommend to you
here. Some of them only work for certain question types (<i>or certain students</i>)
but most of them have been useful to me at one time or another:</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Rewrite the question: Begin “This question is
asking me to . . .”, use your own words to complete (<i>translate into your own
language if you prefer</i>) and then use this for writing your plan (</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Planning</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) and as a check as you write the essay.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Write out the question and:</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">highlight ‘topic’ words to help you recognise the
content required in the essay – list the sources you might use to answer and
summarise your existing knowledge (<i>briefly</i>); highlight ‘restricting’
words so you know where the limits lie in relation to the topic – this should
insure against going off on a tangent; highlight/underline the instruction
words (<i>discuss (</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/When%20answering%20an%20essay%20question%20it%20is%20important%20that%20before%20you%20start%20writing%20you%20know%20exactly%20what%20the%20question%20is%20asking,%20so%20as%20to%20be%20able%20to%20answer%20it%20appropriately.%20I%20read%20a%20lot%20of%20essays%20that%20either;%20are%20too%20descriptive,%20or%20answer%20another%20question,%20or%20start%20by%20answering%20the%20question%20and%20then%20move%20off%20target,%20or%20provide%20a%20thorough%20background%20to%20all%20the%20issues%20raised%20by%20the%20question%20but%20never%20actually%20answer%20it.%20This%20is%20always%20difficult%20for%20me%20to%20see%20because%20their%20authors%20have%20spent%20a%20lot%20of%20time%20and%20effort%20in%20the%20research%20and%20writing,%20being%20let%20down%20only%20by%20the%20failure%20to%20fully%20understand%20the%20question.%20There%20are%20a%20number%20of%20methods%20for%20analysing%20questions%20that%20I%20will%20recommend%20to%20you%20here.%20Some%20of%20them%20only%20work%20for%20certain%20question%20types%20(or%20certain%20students)%20but%20most%20of%20them%20have%20been%20useful%20to%20me%20at%20one%20time%20or%20another:%201.Rewrite%20the%20question:%20Begin%20%E2%80%9CThis%20question%20is%20asking%20me%20to%20.%20.%20.%E2%80%9D,%20use%20your%20own%20words%20to%20complete%20(translate%20into%20your%20own%20language%20if%20you%20prefer)%20and%20then%20use%20this%20for%20writing%20your%20plan%20(Planning)%20and%20as%20a%20check%20as%20you%20write%20the%20essay.%202.Write%20out%20the%20question%20and:%20highlight%20%E2%80%98topic%E2%80%99%20words%20to%20help%20you%20recognise%20the%20content%20required%20in%20the%20essay%20%E2%80%93%20list%20the%20sources%20you%20might%20use%20to%20answer%20and%20summarise%20your%20existing%20knowledge%20(briefly);%20highlight%20%E2%80%98restricting%E2%80%99%20words%20so%20you%20know%20where%20the%20limits%20lie%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20topic%20%E2%80%93%20this%20should%20insure%20against%20going%20off%20on%20a%20tangent;%20highlight/underline%20the%20instruction%20words%20(discuss%20(Discuss),%20identify,%20examine,%20evaluate,%20explain,%20analyse,%20compare,%20contrast,%20criticise%20etc.)%20%E2%80%93%20check%20you%20know%20what%20each%20of%20these%20requires%20you%20to%20do%20(see%20future%20posts%20on%20this%20blogspot)%20and%20be%20aware%20that%20questions%20that%20are%20not%20specific%20may:%20imply%20the%20need%20for%20a%20comparison%20and%20/or%20contrast;%20ask%20for%20cause%20and/or%20effect%20relationships%20to%20be%20exposed;%20imply%20that%20an%20opinion%20needs%20to%20be%20given;%20imply%20the%20need%20for%20evaluation;%203.Be%20aware%20that%20questions%20may%20involve%20more%20than%20one%20task,%20meaning%20that%20you%20will%20need%20to%20separate%20the%20question%20into%20sections%20and%20respond%20to%20each%20one;%20%204.When%20you%20have%20time,%20visit%20the%20library%20and%20look%20at%20questions%20on%20past%20exam%20papers%20to%20practice%20your%20analytical%20abilities.%20Once%20you%20have%20analysed%20your%20question%20to%20your%20satisfaction%20this%20forms%20the%20basis%20of%20your%20plan%20and%20introduction%20(and%20eventually%20your%20conclusion).%20The%20notes%20you%20have%20made%20for%20point%201.%20combined%20with%20your%20restricted%20topic%20summary%20point%202.%20will%20need%20minimal%20rewriting%20and%20becomes%20your%20introduction%20%E2%80%93%20it%20will%20be%20an%20introduction%20to%20an%20essay%20that%20answers%20the%20question!"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Discuss</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">), identify, examine, evaluate, explain, analyse,
compare, contrast, criticise etc.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">) – check you know what
each of these requires you to do (<i>see future posts on this blogspot</i>) and
be aware that questions that are not specific may: imply the need for a
comparison and /or contrast; ask for cause and/or effect relationships to be
exposed; imply that an opinion needs to be given; imply the need for
evaluation;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Be aware that questions may involve more than one
task, meaning that you will need to separate the question into sections and
respond to each one; </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">When you have time, visit the library and look at
questions on past exam papers to practice your analytical abilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Once
you have analysed your question to your satisfaction this forms the basis of
your plan and introduction (and eventually your conclusion). The notes you have
made for <i>point 1.</i> combined with your restricted topic summary <i>point
2.</i> will need minimal rewriting and becomes your introduction – <i>it will
be an introduction to an essay that answers the question! </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
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a</i> <i>great first impression with your writing</i>. The reason for this is
that in writing (as in life) first impressions are often lasting impressions. A
well written clear introduction can often mask (although certainly not disguise)
a below average essay and a bad introduction can certainly reduce your chances of
a good grade. So . . . what makes a good introduction? </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In western
academic culture it is expected that you set out your objectives and study methods
at the outset when writing – it may not be a well-publicised fact but the truth
is that a key benefit of this is ease of marking!! This is why when I proofread
I focus especially carefully on introductions (making comments in detail on areas
of weakness or misinterpretation). If your introduction seems to omit a vital area
of argument, there is an expectation that the essay will be lacking. In addition,
if the tone is informal or chatty (written as if you are talking to someone) then
the reader will question the seriousness of the research and your understanding
of the academic environment. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In brief,
assuming you have a plan</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> and have established your aims (goals), all
that is required for a good introductory paragraph is: a sentence explaining the
topic as you see it <i>(i) The subject of/The issue of/The current debate in the
field of . . . </i>; followed by an outline that matches your plan <i>(ii)</i> <i>This
essay will discuss/examine/focus on . . . (iii) It will then consider . . .</i>
(<i>iv) It will also examine . . . </i>; and a concluding sentence <i>(v) Finally
there will be an analysis of/the research will be reviewed . . .</i> <br />
N.B. This is an example not a definitive template and you will find introductions
vary subject to subject and everyone is different!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Please
remember when writing your beautifully structured and cohesive introduction: avoid the first person, use
the passive voice, avoid quotations, identify any key research processes or theorists
that will be important to the progress of the essay, re-read to check grammar/spelling
(especially of technical terms) and remove any unnecessary detail or narrative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Above all
- <b>NEVER </b>forget that a perfectly crafted introduction that does not answer
the question posed is not worth the virtual paper it is typed on! Remember also that your introduction forms a good foundation for you entire essay and your conclusion, as it should detail what your essay really will include, and set the direction for your argument.</span></div>
Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-33294141777699734152022-09-17T18:09:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:37:58.029+01:00Start as you mean to go on <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcgn4a5keBHviJfwvxuEZ9gBX5LtPfI_jJmT8JexlyzAESUBiAJzyN2zJFYQZFLGhJE-oeIMrPjg4HihyAizk6fFLenOs8JUBGilY1SHNeVz6XQKbVrmBV0hxmSXAcJOOYIRZmQcd96s/s1600/Pen+in+Hand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwcgn4a5keBHviJfwvxuEZ9gBX5LtPfI_jJmT8JexlyzAESUBiAJzyN2zJFYQZFLGhJE-oeIMrPjg4HihyAizk6fFLenOs8JUBGilY1SHNeVz6XQKbVrmBV0hxmSXAcJOOYIRZmQcd96s/s200/Pen+in+Hand.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Soon many of you will be embarking on your
study programmes; many of you will find that time rushes by and the first
assignments will be upon you before you have barely settled in. In this
post<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will share with you some advice to help you through your first weeks . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The first of my suggestions may not be
popular but it is intended to help you achieve your goals: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Put aside all your travel plans</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> - I understand that you are in a new country –
possibly even a new continent and that you have a strong desire to explore it,
but it is important that you focus on your studies from day one. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">If you succeed early on and remain organised
and on top of your workload you will find time for travelling at the end of
your course whilst your colleagues are still struggling to meet deadlines!</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Second, as soon as possible <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">start reading</b>: Most university libraries
have a limited supply of books, so once you get the reading list for your
course, go to the library check out some of the books on the list and immerse
yourself in your subject. If you do find you need to spend money on books it is
not a waste; but it is a good idea to see if your student union or course
director can put you in touch with good local suppliers of second hand books,
or former students who have stayed on for further study and might be willing to
sell you some books at a discounted price.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Third, from day one – <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">record all your notes and opinions</b>
about what you read in a notebook or on a Word file - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>marking them with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full reference details</b>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fourth, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">do not underestimate the requirements of assignments</b>; every year
people fail essays and drop out of courses because they have overestimated
their academic abilities. For most foreign students, even if you have a high
score in IELTS and many years of work/study experience, academic writing is a
challenge. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fifth, when you begin you assignments
think about <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">finding <a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/">a professionalproofreader</a></b> to proofread your work before submission. Proofreaders can help
correct your grammar mistakes and make your work more academic sounding and reader-friendly.
If you look at your proofread work carefully you will acquire a deeper
knowledge of how you can personally improve your own writing. I would say this
as I am a proofreader – but many of my students have told me that they have
benefited from seeing the changes I have made to their work, and that they
have learnt how to write better as a consequence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sixth, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">make friends</b>! Everyone on your course is fighting to succeed, but
this is a shared battle and not a competition! So as you and your classmates
suffer to achieve your goals you will hopefully come to realise that one
benefit of your study abroad time is the fellow students you meet who will
share your ups and downs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seventh, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">keep healthy</b>. If this is your first time away from home, don’t be
tempted to skip meals or lock yourself in a room studying – to succeed at your
degree you will need sustenance – food, daylight and a social life!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enjoy your time in whatever English
speaking country you are, and remember if you work hard you will deserve, and achieve
your goals, and have a great time too! </span></div>
Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4092268979252292337.post-48868842902031734412022-06-19T11:09:00.000+01:002023-10-27T11:38:36.551+01:00Getting tense?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVMBq0UtRPDvSQHqYb9ow5FvzyLyD3ocisZt5YkQhKouiw0LXnCzl4LLudCYQ9Pat-Wmccse3Tx8KPIfHbETPGY6YrvXQfO5r6CB5IinHX8BYfy0UWapYlyyfBvIeeRgNbuqBSG6OxS_o/s1600/20150408_075559_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVMBq0UtRPDvSQHqYb9ow5FvzyLyD3ocisZt5YkQhKouiw0LXnCzl4LLudCYQ9Pat-Wmccse3Tx8KPIfHbETPGY6YrvXQfO5r6CB5IinHX8BYfy0UWapYlyyfBvIeeRgNbuqBSG6OxS_o/s320/20150408_075559_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keep on the right track</td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">I frequently get enquiries
from foreign language students who wish to know what tense to use at various
points within their work. This is more the case with longer pieces such as PhDs
or Master's dissertations, but also applies to shorter essays and to points as
straightforward as how to reference a source. In this post I will cover what
tenses to use in which part of your work and why. This might seem like a very
'EFL' related post - but the truth is, even those whose first language is
English find determining which tense to use to describe their methodology
section in the introduction to their work once the research has been carried
out a real problem.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">I have divided this post
according to parts of the work itself rather than to 'tenses' as this seems to
be a more practical way to proceed:</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Abstract</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: Abstracts</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"> should be written primarily in the present
tense because they refer to a piece of work that exists [<i>this work discusses
the gap in the literature, focusing on . . .</i>] - the exception to this is
when describing the research methods employed which should be described in the
past tense [<i>a random sampling method was employed to . . .</i>].</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Introduction</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: Largely written in the present
simple for general truths [<i>the research aims are . . .</i>], in places you
may decide to use the future [the following chapter reviews the existing literature
in the field], but I would generally stick to the present. If you need to
explain a turning point that altered the direction of the research the past
tense would become appropriate [<i>a key objective was . . . but it was not
possible to test for this and so the objective was amended to . . </i>.].</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Literature Review</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: This involves careful use of two
tenses. You should describe the data collection process in the past tense and
when referring to something previously published you also use the past tense [<i>Jones
(2002) acknowledged that . . </i>.]. However, you would use the present tense
to refer an idea that exists within the text [<i>As discovered by Jones (2002)
the presence of . . . is crucial to this issue</i>]. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Methodology</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: Methodologies are typically written
in the past tense because the decisions (and often the research too) are all
set prior to writing the work. This does not exclusively apply as you may refer
to your future research discussed later in the future tense or alternatively
choose to refer to the findings in the present tense.</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">Data Analysis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: This is normally written in the past
tense when describing the collection of the data [10 postgraduates and 15
undergraduates were interviewed], or in the present tense when describing the
data [Table 16 shows that . . .]. </span><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;"> Discussion/Conclusion/Reflections</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">: These are all written in the past
tense when referring to data and the experience of writing the work, and the
future when describing intended future research.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">I hope that helps to clarify
the matter for you and if you need further help refer to your University
guidelines -<i> some of which can be comprehensive on this subject as
preferences can vary across departments - or as always, feel free to </i></span><a href="http://www.academicproofreader.com/"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">contact
me</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Verdana",sans-serif;">.</span>Academic Proofreaderhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12314092915207804342noreply@blogger.com0